Over Population Essay -- essays research papers

The number of inhabitants in our planet will rapidly arrive at a point where there won't be sufficient measure of assets to help life on Earth. Populace control must be upheld to keep away from such a disastrous event. Numerous financial, social and ecological issues are either subsidiary with or are expanded because of overpopulation. With an exponentially expanding total populace, the issues made by overpopulation develop correspondingly. So as to balance out the gigantic populace, the world must cooperate to keep up populace dependability. One of the primary reasons is because of the way that Man treats his environmental factors, for instance like his property, his condition, his climate, his waters and other life shapes as only items. Man uses, devastates and disposes of them when he’s finish. In the event that Man doesn't regard his planet, there will be nothing left with the exception of a dead, fruitless no man's land. We should act soon or even better, presently. The e arth needs more assets to gracefully the current colossal populace development. In numerous territories, there is just insufficient food to take care of the developing populaces. 150 million kids on the planet experience the ill effects of unexpected frailty because of food deficiencies. Close by with food, there is another asset that can't stay aware of the expanding populace, that is water. Our gracefully of new water is basic to life and constrained. Eventhough, our earth is secured with 2/3 of water and 1/3 land, changing over salt water to new water can be costly. In additi...

Wealth Disparity in the United States :: essays research papers

Riches in the United States has consistently been inconsistent scattered among African Americans and whites, in any event, going back to the 1800’s. African Americans own less property, are less instructed, and are in a lower financial class than whites. Approaches since the 1960’s have been executed in the United States, for example, government assistance, to help diminish the hole between the two, yet the proof recommends that these arrangements have not attempted to their latent capacity.      Furthermore, the inquiry that the creator is attempting to answer is the thing that should be possible to help reduce the riches hole between African Americans and whites. The creator sees governmental policy regarding minorities in society, business proprietorship among blacks, yet generally speaking spotlights the majority of his consideration on home and property possession.      The creator recommends that to accomplish the objective of racial and class fairness, an approach needs to depend on financial status, however particularly consider a person’s resources. Whites own generously more property than blacks, which makes a huge hole in resources among blacks and whites. While numerous blacks need to live in coordinated neighborhoods, white neighborhoods don't need their property estimation declining, so subsequently white flight follows. The creator proposes to have an arrangement that ensures that dark possession in a local won't top 15 percent, so whites would be less inclined to leave. Likewise, numerous impetuses have been proposed to help the poor addition flourishing, for example, a national riches charge. This duty would make people survey their benefits and liabilities, and afterward people would be required to pay the administration a level of that total assets.

How Self-Report Inventories Are Used in Psychology

How Self-Report Inventories Are Used in Psychology Theories Personality Psychology Print How Self-Report Inventories Are Used in Psychology By Kendra Cherry facebook twitter Kendra Cherry, MS, is an author, educational consultant, and speaker focused on helping students learn about psychology. Learn about our editorial policy Kendra Cherry Updated on October 04, 2019 Tetra Images / Getty Images More in Theories Personality Psychology Myers-Briggs Type Indicator Behavioral Psychology Cognitive Psychology Developmental Psychology Social Psychology Biological Psychology Psychosocial Psychology A self-report inventory is a type of psychological test often used in personality assessment. This type of test is often presented in a paper-and-pencil format or may even be administered on a computer. A typical self-report inventory presents a number of questions or statements that may or may not describe certain qualities or characteristics of the test subject. Chances are good that you have taken a self-report inventory at some time in the past. Such questionnaires are often seen in doctors’ offices, in online personality tests, and in market research surveys. Even the fun quizzes you often see shared on Facebook are examples of self-report inventories. While this is an example of these inventories being used in an informal and entertaining way, such surveys can and do serve much more serious goals in collecting data and helping to identify potential problems. This type of survey can be used to look at your current behaviors, past behaviors and possible behaviors in hypothetical situations. There are many different self-report inventories. The following are just a few well-known examples. The MMPI-2 Perhaps the most famous self-report inventory is the Minnesota Multiphasic Personality Inventory (MMPI). This personality test was first published in the 1940s, later revised in the 1980s and is today known as the MMPI-2. The test contains more than 500 statements that assess a wide variety of topics including interpersonal relationships, abnormal behaviors, and psychological health as well as political, social, religious, and sexual attitudes.?? The 16 Personality Factor Questionnaire Another well-known example of a self-report inventory is the questionnaire developed by Raymond Cattell to assess individuals based on his trait theory of personality.?? This test is used to generate personality profile of the individual and is often used to evaluate employees and to help people select a career. California Personality Inventory California personality inventory is based on the MMPI, from which nearly half questions are drawn. The test is designed to measure such characteristic as self-control, empathy, and independence.?? Strengths and Weaknesses of Self-Report Inventories Self-report inventories are often a good solution when researchers need to administer a large number of tests in relatively short space of time. Many self-report inventories can be completed very quickly, often in as little as 15 minutes. This type of questionnaire is an affordable option for researchers faced with tight budgets. Another strength is that the results of self-report inventories are generally much more reliable and valid than projective tests. Scoring of the tests a standardized and based on norms that have been previously established. However, self-report inventories do have their weaknesses. For example, while many tests implement strategies to prevent faking good or faking bad (essentially pretending to be better or worse that one really is), research has shown that people are able to exercise deception while taking self-report tests.?? Another weakness is that some tests are very long and tedious. For example, the MMPI takes approximately 3 hours to complete. In some cases, test respondents may simply lose interest and not answer questions accurately. Additionally, people are sometimes not the best judges of their own behavior. Some individuals may try to hide their own feelings, thoughts, and attitudes.??

Discount Rate Changes Impacting On Stock Market Return - Free Essay Example

Sample details Pages: 15 Words: 4427 Downloads: 10 Date added: 2017/06/26 Category Finance Essay Type Research paper Did you like this example? CHAPTER 1 Stock market plays an important role in the economic development of a country. Stock exchange performance has attained significant role in global economics and financial markets, due to their impact on corporate finance and economic activity. For instance stock exchanges enable firms to acquire capital quickly, due to the ease with which securities are traded. Don’t waste time! Our writers will create an original "Discount Rate Changes Impacting On Stock Market Return" essay for you Create order Stock exchange activity, thus, plays an important role in helping to determine the effects of macroeconomic activities. Stock market returns are the returns that the investors generate out of the stock market; it can be in the form of dividends or profits, as a company gets its dividends and profits in the form of their share holders in the secondary market. Well there is a definite change in the market as with the behavior changes with the discount rate, changes can be technical or non-technical. Technical changes refers to the internal changes and non-technical as external changes which are mostly related to the behavior and response of the customers and consumers. Equity returns also measured by the industrial index respond rather rapidly to the unexpected announcements of discount rate changes. Not only affecting equity returns, the unexpected discount rate changes also contribute to higher market volatility. An unexpected discount rate change also induces trading which is mor e supportive of the contention that public information causes price changes with trading. Increased trading volume due to unexpected public information, however, occurs only in the current period. Whenever, the market is not efficient, stock prices adjust to new information slowly and it is possible to generate abnormal profits. Financial market volatility is important for investors confidence, for port-folio selection, and for the pricing of both primary and derivative securities. Market volatility is not related to existing public information such as expected discount rate change announcements. Karachi Stock Exchange 100 IndexÂÂ  (KSE-100 Index) is aÂÂ  stock indexÂÂ  acting as a standard to compare prices on theÂÂ  Karachi Stock ExchangeÂÂ  (KSE) over a period of time. In formative representative companies to calculate the index on, companies with the maximumÂÂ  market capitalizationÂÂ  are selected. On the other hand, to ensure maximum marke t representation, the company with the maximum market capitalization from each sector is also incorporated.. 1.2 Problem Statement To study the impact of discount rate changes on stock market return 1.3 Research Hypothesis: The expected discount rate change announcements have impact on stock market return. 1.4 Outline of the Study The aim of the study is to observe Impact of Discount rate Changes on Stock Market Return. This Study is observing on Karachi Stock Exchange (KSE). TheÂÂ  Karachi Stock ExchangeÂÂ  is aÂÂ  stock exchangeÂÂ  situated inÂÂ  Karachi,ÂÂ  Pakistan, established on 18 September, 1947 it started with 5 companies with a capital of Rs. 37 million. It is Pakistans biggest and oldest stock exchange, with a lot of Pakistani as well as overseas listings. Its present premises are placed on Stock Exchange Road, in the heart of Karachis Business District. KSE starts with a 50 shares index. As the market develops a representative index was needed. In poor political condition, social issues, financial and other problems, KSE played a very important role in the financial system of Pakistan. KSE 100-index showed a return of 40.19% and became the sixth best markets in the year 2007. It gets a biggest milestone by touching of KSE-100 Index level of 15,000 for the foremost ti me in the history of Karachi stock exchange on 20 April, 2008. On the other hand, the raise of 7.4 percent in 2008 build-up the best performer in all the emerging market. The KSE 100TM Index closed at 9645 points on 19 June, 2010. Although by 30th July total market capitalisation of the KSE reached Rs2.95 trillion, approximately around 35 billion dollars CHAPTER 2 LITERATURE REVIEW As it can be figured out by the models of stock market and about the interest rates, value of share in the stock market, maturity of the bonds with short run and long run and the value of the capital as well as the factor of production, All these things influence a great deal towards the changes as well as the demand and supply model. Equilibrium is also there, which is basically an intersection, the point where the quantity of supply equal to the quantity demands. Output and interest rates plays a bigger role in the discount changes, as from the different policies, laws and models have been mentioned in the previous studies. If prices are fixed country can never faced inflation because of the nominal and real rates. Output depends on the stock market and fiscal policy (Blume, 1994). The stock market is the ratio of steady-state profit to the steady-state interest rate. If the money increases in the market the steady-state effects are quite clear, Output and stock market are hig her in the equilibrium. The higher money stock lowers the real interest rate and thus the cost of capital. This was all about a monetary expansion under fixed price. We find that in the pre-79 period, there was no securities market response to either technical or nontechnical changes, while in the post-79 period there was no response to technical changes (Hardouvelis and Gikas, 1987). Discount rate changes will affect market rate and equity returns if such changes brings information about either short- or long- run monetary policy objectives. So an in increase in the discount will definitely help to attract more and more people towards the policy, and there will be a huge amount of change in the customers and clients response towards it. As a result, current (spot) and expected short-term rates rise in reaction to reduced short-run money growth. Long-term rates and forward rates may also increase to reflect the higher expected short-term rates. It doesnt have much impact over the long-term rates as it has on short-term rates just because the monetary policy and consumers response (Maberly, 1992). Short term rates makes more people attractive and kind of working well for the secondary markets, so mostly they all rely on the short-term rates, as they prefer short-term rates than long-term rates. And short-term is the one which affect a great deal. The impact of discount rate changes on equity prices can operate through two possible channels. This is most readily seen by viewing the value of the firm as the present value of its future net cash flows. To some extent discount rate increases (decreases) result in increases (decreases) in interest rates. It has also based on the capital or investment as well, capital can fall or rise just because of the stock prices, stock prices has an ultimate effect on capital and economic activity can be disturbed too, that also can be altered due to this price change. If the capitalization rates and cash flow expectation a re affected by discount rate changes, these effects will also work in the same direction. From previous studies we have an idea that stock prices declines to be associated with discount rate increases (Ederington and Lee, 1993). Considering the New York stock exchange, the stock return data are the daily percentage return on the New York Stock Exchange value-weighted index and is denoted SP. The interest rate data are for constant maturity Treasury securities and include eight different maturities: 90-, 180-, and 360-day bills and three-, five-, seven-, ten-, and twenty-year bonds. These rates are obtained from DRI, who compile them from the Federal Reserve Board Statistical Release from DRI. These eight interests are used to calculate seven forward rates in addition to the 90-day bill rate. The stock price coefficient for the post-79 period suggests a 1 percent increase (decrease) in the discount rate will result in a decline (increase) of 1.06 percent in stock prices. A similar finding in reported for the interest rate data. Only one interest rate series evidences a significant market reaction in the pre-79 period, while six of the eight interest rates indicate a significant market response over the post-79 period (Gerety, and Mulherin, 1992). Although the early researches result indicates that the real issue is whether the observed announcement effect, regardless of the monetary policy regime, indicates market inefficiency. In classification of the discount rate changes from the previous discussion we have evaluated that to assess properly the announcement effects of discount rate changes, it is necessary to distinguish technical from nontechnical changes. There are several short comings with this approach that limit its usefulness in predicting discount rate changes and cast substantial doubt on the assumption of discount rate erogeneity (Lee and Bong, 1992). Researches rely on two different methods to classify discount rate changes. The best mode l, both in terms of in-sample fit and prediction of actual discount rate changes, related changes in the discount rate (measured in basis points) to the spread between the Fed Funds rate and the discount rate. Nonetheless, if the model incorporates the relevant information set, then by construction the forecast and optimal predictions based on available information and, therefore, rational. Through the study of different modules we came on to know in conclusion that the purpose of this has been to reconcile previous findings of both an endogenous discount rate and discount rate announcement effects with market efficiency (Harris, 1986). By classifying discount rate changes as either technical or non-technical, and recognizing that the latter are (at least) partially endogenous, it is argued that, within the framework of market efficiency, the discount rate can fail tests of statistical erogeneity and still exhibit announcement effects. The empirical evidence of this paper support s this view and suggests that previous studies were missing specified by not controlling for the purpose of discount rate change. The evidence also implies that the common assumption contained in virtually all theoretical and empirical macroeconomic models, that the discount rate is either purely endogenous or purely exogenous, is inappropriate. This also specifies market only react when there appears to be a shift in policy- in the discount rate. At least from this standpoint, one cannot rule out the discount rate as a useful tool of monetary policy. Eventually, our results support the existence of efficient markets based on the dual findings that only nontechnical changes are characterized by announcement effects and that virtually the entire market adjustments occurs by the end of the announcement day (Jones, 1994). From previous studies the issue of monetary neutrality has long been debated by financial economists. There was evidence been brought in to the market which says t hat increases in the growth rate of money raises stock returns? Monetary policy affects the real economy, and whether its effects are quantitatively important, remain open questions. These questions by examining the effects of monetary policy innovations on stock return data. Theory posits that stock prices equal the expected present value of future net cash flows. To examine the relationship between monetary policy and stock returns, a variety of empirical techniques are employed. The size portfolios are useful for investigating why monetary policy matters, if in fact it does. If monetary policy has real effects, one reason for this could be that it affects firms balance sheets. To investigate whether monetary policy affects size and industry portfolios, both impulse responses and innovation accounting methods are used. All the results in table one to four measures the effects of monetary policy shocks on nominal stock returns. In considering the question of monetary neutrality, we are interested in whether monetary policy affects real stock returns. Thus rather than complicate the analysis by considering the best way to measure expected inflation we focus on results using nominal returns. Through the different systems results reported are robust to minor changes in the specification. When total reserves are dropped, employment growth or unemployment is used instead of industrial production growth, the non stationary variables are first-differenced, and the number of lags is changed (Marshall and David, 1992). There was another approach to identifying monetary shocks is Data and Methodology which is been made to the use of Federal Reserve statements and other historical documents over the period to identify exogenous changes in monetary policy and the responses of real variables. This narrative approach has recently employed to assemble a much larger sample of monetary policy shocks. An alternative way is used to test whether monetary policy affects stock returns (Morse, 1981). A growing number of papers in both the economics and finance literature focus on the effect of economic news on asset returns. Nonetheless, there seems a wide gap between these two literatures. These elements of surprise in one particular type of news announcements of short-term interest rate decisions made by the Open Market Committee affect the volatility of the stock market in the short term. Relationship between monetary policy and daily stock market volatility from two vantage points: days around regularly scheduled meetings of the stock market committee, the main monetary policy making body and days of actual policy decisions involving the target level of the federal funds rate (Fama and Kenneth, 1995). Turning to the days of actual policy decisions regardless of whether they were announced on regularly scheduled meetings days. Some evidence was found that such decisions tend to boost volatility in the stock market. The effect of policy decisions i s greatest that exclude those decisions that were fully anticipated by market. Besides identifying monetary policy announcements as an important source of short-run volatility in the stock market, this will also addresses broader issues in the finance literature. In particular, higher interest rates induce higher leverage ratios, which in turn increase the risk associated with holding stocks and the volatility of stock returns (Patell and Wolfson, 1984). In examining the relationship between the stock market and fiscal policy, all models combined two different approaches widely used in the monetary economics and finance literature. In particular, in analyzing the markets response to scheduled and unscheduled announcements, a potentially interesting issue is whether the corresponding impulse response functions for volatility are significantly different. Other issues that also merit further consideration include a closer look at the relationship between first- and second- moment re sponses to policy news and the explicit analysis of risk premiums around announcements days (Penman, 1987). From all these models and theories, have come to know that anything that happens in the secondary market, it does have an impact over the entire economy as we have gone through from the different examples across the world. Even if it is pre-announcement, monetary policy or whatever, stock market does change its state according to the circumstances and events. Pre-announcements are also made as precautions that are for safety announcements for the share holders of the companies. Due to this they can easily draw their amount and will not have to see further more difficulties. Unpredictability or volatility is always there in the market, when the investors just to keep on guessing for the right time to invest and stock holders wait for the right time to buy shares of the companies and all this process makes things more complicated especially for the investors and then it effec ts the stock market. Monetary policy on the other hand takes things more attractive for the investors and share holders that they believe their money is in safe place so they would love to invest as long as they are sure about the monetary policy (Stoll and Whaley, 1990). Policies are always made for the betterment of the people who are your clients or customers as per organization requirements, it also refers to the trust that how much they trust on their policies that people could come and invest. Banks do the same thing; the only thing they sell is trust, because as many people trust on you as they will go on to be their customers. Many of the sources indicate that there is a connection between news and stock prices, finance literature highlights that too. The finance literature focus on economic announcements per se, without controlling for the element of surprise in such announcements, might help to explain why so many studies have failed to find a significant link between m arket volatility and economic news. Either by implicitly assuming that the conditional volatility of stock returns is time invariant or by simply leaving its time-varying nature unspecified, monetary economists have failed to consider a potentially significant effect of policy surprises on the short-run behavior of the market (Wood and McInish, 1985). Equity returns also measured by the industrial index respond rather rapidly to the unexpected announcements of discount rate changes. Not only affecting equity returns, the unexpected discount rate changes also contribute to higher market volatility. An unexpected discount rate change also induces trading which is more supportive of the contention that public information causes price changes with trading. Increased trading volume due to unexpected public information, however, occurs only in the current period. Whenever, the market is not efficient, stock prices adjust to new information slowly and it is possible to generate abnormal profits. Financial market volatility is important for investors confidence, for port-folio selection, and for the pricing of both primary and derivative securities. Market volatility is not related to existing public information such as expected discount rate change announcements (Richard Roll and Stephen Ross, 1986). CHAPTER 3 RESEARCH METHOD This chapter explains the methodology used for the research study. The main research data set is used in this paper consist of KSE 100 index listed on Karachi Stock Exchange. It is the data for last ten years 2000 to 2010 for every monetary policy has been announced Data would be collected through the website and business recorder website. This chapter also discusses the methods to evaluate validity and reliability of research for the factors associated with the Impact of Discount rate Changes on Stock Market Return. 3.1 Method of data collection: The secondary data which was used in this research was available on the website of Karachi Stock Exchange from 2000 to 2010. 3.2 Sample size and Sampling Technique: In this research, data from the year 2000 to 2010 has been taken as a sample size. The data collected through Karachi Stock Market and State Bank of Pakistan 3.3 Instrument of Data Collection: This research was carried out through Secondary Data. 3.4 Statistical tool used: In order to measure the relationship between the variables stock market return and discount rate and impact of discount rate change on stock market return, Regression is used as a statistical tool in this research. SPSS software is used to evaluate the relationship between the two variables CHAPTER 4 RESULTS Hypothesis Testing Ho: The expected discount rate changes announcements have impact on stock market return. Table 4.1 From the above Durbin Watson value, it has been clarified that there was an existence of auto correlation in the data set. In order to resolve the issue we have generated the lag variables of the dependent variable up to the level 2. Table 4.2 Form the above table we can observe the value of the Adjusted R Square is .934 or 93.4%. It means that 1 unit change in the set of independent variables brings out the 93.4% change in the variation of dependent variable. With the inclusion of the lag variables in the data set, the problem auto correlation has been resolved. The Durbin Watson value mentioned in the above table is 1.964 closer to 2. Value closer to 2 means that there is no auto correlation exists in the data set. Table 4.3 From the above table we can observe that the significant value of the above ANOVAs test model 2 is less that 0.05. It means that the data is suitable for the application of regression model. Table 4.4 The above table shows the coefficient value of the analysis. As it can be observed that, the significant value of the discount rate is less than 0.05 it means that the change in discount rate has a significant impact on the stock therefore; the Null hypothesis is not rejected. At 95% confidence interval level the significant value of alpha/constant is 0.000 it means that the in the absence of all the variables the minimum return of the KSE is equal to the alpha value. The Beta value of lag 1 is 5376.550 it means that the today returns from the stock market is dependent on the stock market returns after the announcement of last monetary policy. For e.g. if the current stock return are equal to 1 the stock returns after the announcement of the next monetary policy is 5376.550 times of the current stock returns. The relationship of the lag 2 stock returns is vice versa of the lag 1 stock returns. It has a negative relationship with the current stock returns. Graph 4.1 The above diagram shows the trend of the KSE index and the change in discount rates for the last 10 years in the country. On a whole an upward trend has been observed in the KSE 100 index it is due to the increase in the FDI investments as well as the development in the financial sectors. The change in the discount rate shows overall a mix trend, we can observe a huge peaks and valleys in the graph. In our research, we have not found any significant relationship among the announcement of change in discount rate and stock returns. Some of these factors are political situation of the country, foreign direct investments, Law and order situation and most importantly exchange rate. Collectively, all these factors are contributing in the stock returns. However, change in the discount rate do impact the stock returns but, not in the short run, in the long run the chances are quite high that it does impact on the stock returns in Karachi Stock market. The reason behind the Long term affect is that, the change in the discount rate affects the profitability of the companies in the next coming quarters so, immediately the affect in the stock returns are not massive that are in the long run. 4.2 Hypotheses Assessment Summary The hypotheses of this research study are based on variables like stock market return and discount rate intraday. The significant value is less than 0.05 It means that the data is suitable for the application of regression model. S.NO. Hypotheses T SIG. RESULT H1 the expected discount rate changes announcement have impact on stock market return. 11.991 .000 Accepted CHAPTER 5 CONCLUSIONS, DISCUSSIONS, IMPLICATIONS AND FUTURE RESEARCH 5.1 Conclusion As anticipated, expected discount rate changes, representing existing public information, have no impact on the trading volume for the current period nor does for any other periods. Public information also induces trading only in the current period but not in the future periods. More trading has occurred during the decreasing discount rate periods than the increasing discount rate periods as evidenced by the significant parameter. 5.2 Discussion This research shows that the change in the discount rate shows overall a mix trend, it can be observed a huge peaks and valleys in the graph. In this research there was no significant relationship found among the announcement of change in discount rate and stock returns. The reason behind this is, other than monetary policy there are lots of other factors that are contributing towards the stock returns in Karachi stock market. Some of these factors are political situation of the country, foreign direct investments, Law and order situation and most importantly exchange rate. Collectively, all these factors are contributing in the stock returns. However, change in the discount rate do impact the stock returns but, not in the short run, in the long run the chances are quite high that it does impact on the stock returns in Karachi Stock market. The reason behind the Long term affect is that, the change in the discount rate affects the profitability of the companies in the next coming q uarters so, immediately the affect in the stock returns are not massive that are in the long run. In this research it has been identified more accurately that if and when the stock market responds to the release of the discount rate change information. More importantly, studying the market volatility and trading volume sheds additional light on the information literature. Equity returns respond negatively and significantly to the unexpected announcements of discount rate changes, while the expected changes generally have no bearing on the equity returns. 5.3 Implementations For practical implementation, this research can be used to analyze the impact of Discount rate Changes on Stock Market Return as The effect of discount rate changes on stock market returns. Equity returns generally respond negatively and significantly to the unexpected announcements; however, the effect of expected changes on equity returns is insignificant. Abnormal trading volume occurs only in period. 5.4 Recommendations Pre-announcement, monetary policy or whatever, stock market does change its state according to the circumstances and events. Pre-announcements are also made as precautions that are for safety announcements for the share holders of the companies. Due to this they can easily draw their amount and will not have to see further more difficulties. Unpredictability or volatility is always there in the market, when the investors just to keep on guessing for the right time to invest and stock holders wait for the right time to buy shares of the companies nd all this process makes things more complicated especially for the investors and then it effects the stock market. CHAPTER 6 REFERNCES Blume, L, 1994, Market statistics and technical analysis, the role of volume. Journal of Finance, 49, 153-181. Ederington, L.H and Lee, J.H, 1993, How markets process information, News releases and volatility, Journal of Finance, 48, 1161-1191. Fama and Kenneth, 1995, Size and book-to-market factors in earnings and returns, Journal of Finance, 50, 131-156. Gerety, M.S and Mulherin, H.J, 1992, Trading halts and market activity, An analysis of volume at the open and the close, Journal of Finance, 47, 1765-1784. Harris, L, 1986, A transaction data study of weekly and intradaily patterns in stock returns, Journal of Financial Economics, 16, 99-117. Hardouvelis, Gikas, 1987, Reserves announcements and interest rates, Does monetary policy matter? Journal of Finance, 42, 407-422. Lee, Bong-Soo, 1992, Causal relations among stock returns, interest rates, real activity, and inflation, Journal of Finance, 47, 1591-1603. Maberly, E.D, 1992, Odd-lot transactions around the turn of the year, Journal of Financial and Quantitative Analysis, 27, 591-604. Jones, 1994. Information, trading and volatility, Journal of Financial Economics, 36, 127-154. Morse, D, 1981, Price and trading volume reaction surrounding earnings announcements, A closer examination. Journal of Accounting Research 19, 374-383. Marshall and David, 1992, Inflation and asset returns in a monetary economy, Journal of Finance, 47, 1315-1342. Penman, S.H, 1987, The distribution of earnings news over time and seasonalities in aggregate stock returns, Journal of Financial Economics, 18, 199-228. Patell, J.M and Wolfson, M.A, 1984, The intraday speed of adjustment of stock prices to earnings and dividend announcements, Journal of Financial Economics 13, 223-252. Richard Roll, and Stephen Ross, 1986, Economic forces and the stock market, Journal of Business, 59, 383-403. Stoll and Whaley, 1990, The dynamics of stock index and stock index futures returns, Journal of Financia l and Quantitative Analysis, 25, 441-468. Wood, and McInish, 1985, An investigation of transaction data for NYSE stocks, Journal of Finance 60, 723-739.

Analytical Analysis Of Community Health Assessment

Analytical Summary of Community Health Assessment Introduction Community health assessment is a process of systematic identifying and examining health indicators in a defined population. The purpose of this community health assessment is to gather and analyze information about health status, factors that can have an influence on community members’ health, and needs of the population within the target community. The collected data allow comparing the health status and needs of the residents in the Newmarket Health Centre (NHC) and residents in surrounding neighbourhood with the local health care services and resources available for them, which will help to identify health inequities among community members (Goodman, 2014).The main goal of this community health assessment is the strategic development of solutions to the identified health needs in a community. Data Collection Methods Community health assessment of Newmarket Health Centre and Newmarket neighbourhood community is a collaborative process where qualitative and quantitative data collection methods were used together. To categorize demographic trend with respect to older adults living in Newmarket, Statistics Canada website was used to gather quantitative data. To gather qualitative data, several different methods were used such as: 1. Four windshield surveys were conducted by walking and driving around the NHC on different days and at different times to observe and analyze surrounding physical environment of theShow MoreRelatedA Brief Note On Guinea Worm Eradication ( Group 7 )1477 Words   |  6 PagesPostal 2: Guinea Worm Eradication (Group 7): The condition for the commissioning setting was a supposed guinea worm outbreak that has been reported in three Local Government Areas of Akoko town in Ondo State Nigeria by the State’s Ministry of Health among people aged 6-46 years. 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The Effect of Black Power on the Emergence of Yellow Power

The Sixties In America (AMST 1200) Professor Osman November 18, 2013 The Effect of Black Power on the Emergence of Yellow Power African-Americans were not alone in the shift to â€Å"ethnic power.† Other minority groups also shifted from the fight for integration and began to adopt the rhetoric of ethnic power and pride in the late 1960’s. By the late 1960’s, a host of other groups began to adopt the rhetoric of â€Å"power†: Red Power, Grey Power, Pink Power, Brown Power, etc. What were the similarities and differences between the rhetoric of Chicano Power, Yellow Power and Black Power? The 1960s in America brought a host of movements that pushed for equality, power, and change. Each movement helped to shape and effect the other†¦show more content†¦Although Asian Americans did not face as much racism as the African Americans in the late 1960s, they still felt that they needed to break out of the restraints placed on them by the white community, as the Black Power Movement pushed had for in the late 1960s. African Americans of the Black Power Movement felt that their lives were being determined and manipulated by the whites who had control over American society. In the first declaration of The Black Panther Platform, they explain, â€Å"We want freedom. We want power to determine the destiny of our Black Community. We believe that black people will not be free until we are able to determine our destiny.† (Bloom and Breines, 146). The members of this movement believed that whites always had power over them because African Americans were never allowed the opportunities to show their full potential without the interference of the white community. In an SNCC essay, entitled The Basis of Black Power, Stokely Carmichael proclaims that, â€Å"Negroes in this country have never been allowed to organize themselves because of white interference. As a result of this, the stereotype has been reinforced that blacks cannot organize themselves.† (Bloom and Breines, 120). The Black Power Movement believed that the only way to break free of these ties and these stereotypes was to isolate themselves from the whites, including the whites involved inShow MoreRelatedThe Role of Spices on the Expansion of Europe Essay1697 Words   |  7 Pagesachieved. This was not due to the difficulty of obtaining the certain spices but based on the occurrence that certain merchants were infatuated with profit. Obtaining the spices wasn’t as difficult as one would think even after the collapse of Roman power, since spices continued to find their way from Asia to Europe. Although many merchants priced certain spices based on their rarity. 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Hospitality Economic Uncertainty and Climate Change

Question: Discuss about theHospitalityfor Economic Uncertainty and Climate Change. Answer: The main role of the General Manager regarding the ultimate responsibility of the compliance with the present legal and the licensing requirements for the Hotel ANIBT is as follows: Liquor For the better establishment and to perpetuate a good will of the Hotel the GM must make strict rule about the consumption and selling of the liquor. In Australia the current legal age of the drinking is 18 years. The GM has to look after the matter that liquor should not be sold to the individual below the age of 18 years from their Hotel. Also all the tourists have to provide their age proof to avail the liquor and the age prove should be their passport only (Manoharan et al. 2014). If the management of the hotel does not follow the rules then there would be a risk of the cancellation of the license of the hotel to perform their business. The consequence will be that the hotel will be closed. Preparing and Selling Food Producing safe food is very essential for the success of the business of the hotels as the customers expects that the food products are safe. For the verification of the quality and safety of the food products to be exported in the markets and in other business there are certain regulation that are established by the Australian government in the Food Production (Safety) Act 2006 and the Food Production (Safety) Regulation 2014. This is present in the in the Food Standards Australia New Zealand (FSANZ). The risk factor in this case is the chances of the spoilage of the food and if these types of spoil foods are provided to the customer it will had a bad impact over the customers. Consumer Protection The consumer protection is mandatory for the business of the hotels. The Australian law of consumer protection promotes a fair competition and trade so that the customers, community, and the business get benefited. It also regulates the services of the national infrastructures. These laws related consumer protection ensures individuals and the businesses comply with the competition of Australia and fair trading. These laws are approved according to the Australian Consumer Law (ACL) 2011. If there is no customer protection then it will become a risk factor and no customer will want to stay at in that hotel and the consequences will be the hotel will lose its customers. Innkeepers Duty of Care The innkeepers should accept all the inoffensive persons offering themselves as their guests, but on condition that the innkeeper has an availability of the accommodation and the guest is ready to pay the decided reasonable charge for that accommodation. The innkeepers should possess very strong proper grounds for making refusal to receiving of any proposed guest. These types of instances are normally restricted. However, it is accepted only in case of unsuitability of the guest or lack of accommodation. If this protocol is not followed then the risk that arises is the customer and the visitor will feel that they are ill treated and consequently they will move to another hotel. Workers Compensation In Australia the laws that are followed for the compensation of the workers are all followed according to the Safety, Rehabilitation and Compensation Act 1988. The main protocols of this act are: Provide compensation which is fair for the work-related illnesses, injuries and deaths. Supporting early and effective and return to work. Ensuring that all the employer costs are impartially circulated and controlled within rational limits. Decreasing the overall economic and social costs to the community of work-related illness, injuries and fatalities. The risk factors that prevails with is particular issue is that if these facilities will not be there then the workers will move on to the organization which is providing these facilities and the result will be the company wont get any workforce for their work. Workplace Occupation Health and Safety In Australia the Work place Health and safety is strictly followed which includes regulations that sets the standards required to meet up the particular hazards and the risk factors like the noise, manual handling and the machinery and it is same in almost every state of Australia. Industrial Relation For the Industrial relation in Australia there is an Industrial Relation Act 1996 that is AIRC Rules which states that a minimum condition and terms have to be followed for employments, there should be rule for the governing of the industrial actions, provisions for the flexibility of the individual workers and the employer for making arrangement of flexible work, and protection against the unlawful and unfair termination of the employment (Segon et al. 2015). Equal Opportunity In the Australia the state and the national laws covers up the opportunity for the equal employment and the maintenance of the anti-discrimination environment in the workplace. There are laws present for the creation of the workplace which will be free from the adverse affect of the harassment and discrimination. The risk for this particular issue will be that the workers and the employees will to not provide their 100 percent of work for the organization and consequently the quality of the facilities given to the visitors and the customers will get hampered. Superannuation Superannuation is present in Australia are the arrangements that enables people in Australia to accumulate some funds so that they are made to provided with some income after their retirements. This technique almost partly compulsory in Australia and it is further encouraged by the Australian government, the tax benefit also support this method. A minimum standard had been set by the government for contribution of the employees and also the superannuation fund managements (Campbell et al. 2016). The facility of Superannuation should be there otherwise risk factor that the workers will feel that they have no assurance of their future and as a result they will move on to another organization. Anti-Discrimination There is no discrimination on the religion, race, gender, colour, age, sexual preference, marital status, pregnancy, political opinion and social origin for the selection of the employees in Australia. It is very unlawful to make any type of discrimination to the jobseekers and employees on the basis of the above mentioned factors (Casino, 2016). The risk factor with discrimination is that discrimination destroy the environment of the workplace and a result is that output of good work is not possible. Environment The rules are very severe for the maintenance of the ambient workplace environment under the Workplace health and safety act and regulation which states that the workers should be provided with the facilities like the toilets, washing and dining areas, drinking water, shelter, changing rooms and personal storage facilities. These laws also states workplace should have lighting and ventilation (Townsend and Wilkinson, 2013). The risk factor regarding the environment of the workplace is that if it is not maintained then the workers will not be ready to do the work. The result will be that the organization will not get any workforce to perform the regular daily work. Insurance The facility of insurance is mandatory for the workers in Australia. Each of the organizations has to provide insurance for the workers and the employees. At the common wealth level the compensation is payable to the employees until the age of 65 years, However in certain cases it can be increased. Taxation Every company and organization established in Australia has to pay the Goods and Service Tax Act (GST). In most of the goods and the service sales it is 10 percent. The GST is levied on maximum number of transaction during the process of the production, however it is refunded to the all parties who are involved in the chain of the process of production except the final consumer (Van der Wagen and Goonetilleke, 2015). The organization which does not give the goods and service tax then the risk factor that arises is the chances of the cancellation of the license of the organization of doing their business. The consequences of this will be that they have to close their organization. Risk Management The people and the employers who are in control of the work place where there are presences of the hazardous substances then risk assessment must be performed on the substances that are hazardous so that the exposure of the substance can be minimized and the well being and the health of the staffs of the organization can be protected (Rice, 2014). If these things are not controlled then there remains a risk factor of the chance of occurring accident and it will not be beneficial for the impression of the organization. Employments and Awards For the encouragement of the staff there should an awards giving sessions of the staffs on the periodical basis and the also there must be scope of promotion on the basis of the performance of the employees. These thing will decrease the chance of the risk factors like the de-motivation of the employees to do their work and the consequence they will leave the organization. Reference Campbell, I., Boese, M., and Tham, J. C. 2016. Inhospitable workplaces? International students and paid work in food services. Casino, H. 2016. Miller Harris supports maternal health.Circulation,10. Manoharan, A., Gross, M. J., and Sardeshmukh, S. R. 2014. Identity-conscious vs identity-blind: Hotel managers use of formal and informal diversity management practices.International Journal of Hospitality Management,41, 1-9. Rice, P. 2014. Universal management: a proposal to change the direction of accessibility management in the Australian tourism industry to create benefits for all Australians and visitors to Australia.Review of Disability Studies: An International Journal,2(2). Segon, M., Booth, C., and Shi, E. 2015. Job Security, Economic Uncertainty and Climate Change and their Influence on Ski Industry Workers in Japan.World,6(2). Townsend, K., and Wilkinson, A. 2013. Contingent management plans awaiting a contingency: the GFC and workplace change in the Australian hotels sector.Asia Pacific Business Review,19(2), 266-278. Van der Wagen, L., and Goonetilleke, A. 2015.Hospitality Management, Strategy and Operations. Pearson Higher Education AU.